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This book examines the impact that decentralisation reforms, initiated in the early 1990s, have had on small towns in India. It specifically focuses on small towns in Uttar Pradesh, one of the most densely populated and poorest states in India. Although considered home to one of the oldest urban civilisations, India remains one of the least urbanised regions in the world. At the same time, the country has many million-strong metropolises that are among the world’s largest megacities, as well as a multitude of small and medium-sized towns and cities. This paradoxical urbanisation, against a backdrop of reforms, has interested the scientific community to gain a more nuanced understanding of the changes and challenges involved. This book analyses an urban environment often overlooked by researchers and public authorities, namely, that of small towns. These towns are of vital importance as this is where the bulk of future urban development will take place. However, decades after implementation of the reforms, the majority of reviews and assessments have focused on large cities and so the impacts of the reform on small towns are still poorly understood. This book includes extensive primary data about political, technical and financial municipal issues in small towns of northern India and, is therefore, of interest to students, researchers and planners working on urban and regional studies in the global South.

Social sciences. --- Urban geography. --- Development economics. --- Human geography. --- Social Sciences. --- Human Geography. --- Urban Geography / Urbanism (inc. megacities, cities, towns). --- Development Economics. --- Urbanization --- Economics --- Economic development --- Anthropo-geography --- Anthropogeography --- Geographical distribution of humans --- Social geography --- Anthropology --- Geography --- Human ecology

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This volume provides a comprehensive catalog of how various ethnic groups in the United States of America have differently shaped their cultural landscape. Author John Cross links an overview of the spatial distributions of many of the ethnic populations of the United States with highly detailed discussions of specific local cultural landscapes associated with various ethnic groups. This book provides coverage of several ethnic groups that were omitted from previous literature, including Italian-Americans, Chinese-Americans, Japanese-Americans, and Arab-Americans, plus several smaller European ethnic populations. The book is organized to provide an overview of each of the substantive ethnic landscapes in the United States. Between its introduction and conclusion, which looks towards the future, the chapters on the various ethnic landscapes are arranged roughly in chronological order, such that the timing of the earliest significant surviving landscape contribution determines the order the groups will be viewed. Within each chapter the contemporary and historical spatial distribution of the ethnic groups are described, the historical geography of the group’s settlement is reviewed, and the salient aspects of material culture that characterize or distinguish the group’s ethnic landscape are discussed. Ethnics Landscapes of America is designed for use in the classroom as a textbook or as a reader in a North American regional course or a cultural geography course. This volume also can function as a detailed summary reference that should be of interest to geographers, historians, ethnic scholars, other social scientists, and the educated public who wish to understand the visible elements of material culture that various ethnic populations have created on the landscape.

Geography. --- Urban geography. --- Physical geography. --- Cultural studies. --- Human geography. --- World Regional Geography (Continents, Countries, Regions). --- Cultural Studies. --- Human Geography. --- Urban Geography / Urbanism (inc. megacities, cities, towns). --- Human geography --- Ethnic groups --- Cultural landscapes --- Cultural Geography. --- Cultural geography --- Landscapes --- Landscape archaeology --- Cultural geography. --- Anthropo-geography --- Anthropogeography --- Geographical distribution of humans --- Social geography --- Anthropology --- Geography --- Human ecology

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This volume incorporates ground-breaking new academic perspectives on the contributions that children and young people make to societies around the world, with a particular focus on learning and work. The chapters in the volume offer conceptual and empirical insights into how young people learn to labour, and the complex social, spatial, temporal, institutional and relational processes that informs their engagements in daily, generational and social reproduction. The editors have intentionally avoided using the terms ‘education’ and ‘employment’ in the title, as this volume is an attempt to capture the multitude of ways, spaces and contexts (not just ‘formal’) in which learning takes place and work is carried out. Here, learning indicates education in the broadest possible sense, to incorporate not just formal schooling and the acquisition of institutionally recognised academic knowledge and credentials, but also informal learning (including socialization and the on-the-job acquisition of skills that takes place almost imperceptibly, over time). In addition to the theoretical perspectives this volume brings on young people’s education and work, other prominent conceptual themes present throughout the work are mobilities, transitions and gender. Following four initial chapters that engage with conceptual issues, the remainder of the volume is divided into two sections, entitled ‘spaces of labouring and learning’ and ‘livelihoods, transitions and social reproduction’. Within these sections, a broad spectrum of empirical chapters demonstrates how young people live, learn and labour in Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America. These include, among others, geographies of education; interface between migration, learning and livelihoods; cultural politics of human capital formation; schooling and work; citizenship education; families and parenting; socialization and informal education; education-induced migration; processes and practices of inclusion and exclusion in educational institutions; part-time work; domestic work; care work; informal livelihoods; entrepreneurship; social transitions; and a wide range of social, economic, cultural, political (structural) forces that intersect and dissect these topics. As the reader will become aware, there is no such thing as a standard educational or work trajectory, a ‘normal’ transition or a straight forward relationship between work, education and social reproduction. Indeed, one of the aims of the volume is deliberately to showcase the diversity that young people’s lives hold in this regard.

Social sciences. --- Sociology. --- Childhood. --- Adolescence. --- Social groups. --- Human geography. --- Social Sciences. --- Human Geography. --- Childhood, Adolescence and Society. --- Sociological Theory. --- Anthropo-geography --- Anthropogeography --- Geographical distribution of humans --- Social geography --- Association --- Group dynamics --- Groups, Social --- Teen-age --- Teenagers --- Childhood --- Kids (Children) --- Pedology (Child study) --- Youngsters --- Social theory --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Development --- Anthropology --- Geography --- Human ecology

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This book demonstrates the pivotal role played by state confines in the geography of Balkan countries through powerful GIS and remote sensing analyses. It provides unique mapping perspectives on the Balkan region, with over 140 illustrations. The book is dedicated to applied, historical and economic geographers, as well as political scientists. Because of its high fragmentation, the Balkan area has not been studied on a systematic transnational basis. The persistence of frozen and/or open conflicts has also turned the border issue into an absolute taboo subject for the scientific community and civil society. This results in an apparent “chaos” that most Western observers fail to understand. .

World Regional Geography (Continents, Countries, Regions). --- Urban Geography / Urbanism (inc. megacities, cities, towns). --- Balkan States --- Geography. --- Geographical information systems. --- Urban geography. --- Physical geography. --- Human geography. --- Geographical Information Systems/Cartography. --- Human Geography. --- Balkan Peninsula --- Boundaries. --- Balkans --- Europe, Southeastern --- Southeastern Europe --- Anthropo-geography --- Anthropogeography --- Geographical distribution of humans --- Social geography --- Anthropology --- Geography --- Human ecology --- Geographical information systems --- GIS (Information systems) --- Information storage and retrieval systems

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This book shows how suburban sprawl is at least partially a consequence of government spending and regulation, and suggests anti-sprawl policies that can make government smaller and/or less intrusive. Thus, the book responds to the widely held view that automobile-dependent suburban development (also known as “suburban sprawl”) is a natural result of the free market and of affluence, and accordingly cannot be altered without massive government regulation. Michael Lewyn is Associate Professor at Touro Law Center in Central Islip, New York, where he teaches property, land use, environmental law and other courses. He has published over four dozen scholarly articles, and blogs regularly at planetizen.com and marketurbanism.com. .

Suburbs. --- Population density. --- Density, Population --- Human population density --- Residential density --- Outskirts of cities --- Suburban areas --- Suburbia --- Demography --- Population geography --- Ecological carrying capacity --- Cities and towns --- City planning --- Metropolitan areas --- Growth --- Sociology, Urban. --- Human Geography. --- Urban Studies/Sociology. --- Urban Geography / Urbanism (inc. megacities, cities, towns). --- Anthropo-geography --- Anthropogeography --- Geographical distribution of humans --- Social geography --- Anthropology --- Geography --- Human ecology --- Urban sociology --- Human geography. --- Urban geography.